Christianity and Islam Essay

Throughout history, belief systems have had political and social impacts on followers. The belief systems of Christianity and Islam have had both positive and negative changes to their societies that they started and traveled to. They had an impact on their followers , spread the belief throughout specific nations/regions , and lastly impacted their followers in both positive and negative ways. Christianity and Islam changed the way people lived their lives and done every day things. Christianity and Islam had a huge impact on their followers because their beliefs made them live their lives in a specific way. For example, in Document 1, Pope Urban II asked the Christians to rebel against the Turks and Arabs due to the attacks that they were doing. This impacted the Christians socially because they no longer did what the Arabs and Turks had asked them to do, they turned against them. Islam had a political impact on the people who followed because the Shah’s policy’s isolated the Islamic clergy as stated in Document 6 and they had an impact socially because there was a creation of Family Protection Act which in turn improved the women’s rights. These changes and decisions helped shape and mold the newly found religions to be what they are today , politically and socially. Christianity spread through traveling and trading. In document 2a and 2b , it shows how the crusades , the time where Christians and Muslims were fighting over the holy land , changed the lives of the Europeans by traveling and migrating. These moves lead to meeting new people and trading spices in new different cities. Islam , in turn , spread through traveling and trade as well. In document 7, it shows how they were spreading through North Africa and the Middle East. They advanced farther than they would have thought they would and made their religion known worldwide. There were both negative and positive impacts that these religions had on their followers. Christianity had a negative impact because the Indians were getting beat and treated harshly as said in document 3. The missionaries were abusing their power and laid laws and rules down that had to be followed. However, in document 4 there was a positive impact because a lot of the Africans began practicing Christianity. Islam also had positive impacts such as the people who followed gained knowledge and their teachings are still taught today worldwide such as algebra and mathematics. Both Christianity and Islam in the long run improved their religions by spreading it. They had both positive and negative impacts on their followers and made their religions known worldwide.

The Notion of Prophethood in Islam

Only when times are at their most turbulent, when the people of Earth reach a point of living that is considered to be sinful and discordant, is there a need for a change or reform back to a virtuous lifestyle. It is evidenced in the thoughts and traditions of many different faiths of the world that this change, this revolution as it may also be referred to, is brought about by a message. Of course, a message, especially one that is meant to bring about reform and revolution, will not be heard without scrutiny on the deliverer of the message, the messenger. In the monotheistic religions of the world, Islam in particular, emphasis is placed on these messengers as bringers of truth in times of untruth or darkness, a divinely inspired human who acts as an intermediary between God and the people to whom the message is brought. Such messengers are called Prophets. This piece will discuss the notion of Prophethood in Islam, what it means to be a Prophet, and the similar traits amongst the circumstances of the Prophets. Islam places an importance of the highest degree on the monotheistic message it delivers, that there is only one God and no other. Thus, special emphasis is placed on the ones to deliver this message, the Prophets. However, for a person to be considered a Prophet in Islam, there are certain stipulations that they have to meet. The notion of a Prophet is generally a divinely inspired human who acts as an intermediary between God and other people, but more to it is that each and every Prophet receives their message directly from God and not from other people, not even from other Prophets. However, despite not learning of the message from other Prophets, the message being delivered is the same between each and every Prophet. This ensures the authenticity of the message that each Prophet receives and clearly displays the link between the Prophet and God to the recipients of the message. However, there is even further divergence underneath the title of Prophet. In Islam, there are generally two degrees of Prophethood, Nabi, and Rasul. The difference between a Nabi and a Rasul is mainly that a Rasul not only receives message from God, but is charged to propagate it. A Rasul may also be a Prophet that brings God’s scripture and they are to restore Divine Law or Sharia as well. A Nabi on the other hand is a human who brings news of the message, but the message that each brings is not necessarily universal. Both a Nabi and a Rasul has to be a pure and worthy person in order to hear God’s message, thus it can be observed that each and every Prophet is a Nabi by default, where a Rasul is a Prophet of more responsibility than that of a Nabi. Thus, it easily observable that all Prophets have similarities, but there are a few that stand out amongst others. Of the 25 Prophets mentioned in the Qur’an, there are 5 major Prophets that stand out amongst others. These Prophets are the Prophet Noah (AS), the Prophet Abraham (AS), the Prophet Moses (AS), the Prophet Jesus (AS), and the Prophet Muhammad (SAWS). While their names appear in several passages in the Qur’an, there is a particular passage that mentions all of them: He has ordained for you of religion what He enjoined upon Noah [AS] and that which We have revealed to you, [O Muhammad (SAWS)], and what We enjoined upon Abraham [AS] and Moses [AS] and Jesus [AS] – to establish the religion and not be divided therein†¦ The Holy Qur’an, Translated by Sahih International, 42:13 This verse addresses the Prophet Muhammad (SAWS) in particular. It equates the message that was brought to the Prophet Muhammad (SAWS) to the messages that were brought to the Prophets Noah (AS), Abraham (AS), Moses (AS) and Jesus (AS), establishing that the religion each Prophet was trying to propagate was the same for all of them: Islam. For example, the message that the Prophet Jesus (AS) had brought were brought to a people that had lost their way, but that message was not entirely original either, having been expressed before in some form. It was also said that Jesus (AS) did not so much preach a message as he was a message. In a similar manner, the conducts of the Prophet Muhammad (SAWS) were said to contain a message themselves: There has certainly been for you in the Messenger of Allah [SWT] an excellent pattern for anyone whose hope is in Allah [SWT] and the Last Day and [who] remembers Allah [SWT] often. The Holy Qur’an, Translated by Sahih International, 33:21 This verse advises those who believe in Allah (SWT) of the patterns or the lifestyle of the Prophet Muhammad (SAWS) and the message that can be found herein. It can therefore be observed that the Prophet Muhammad (SAWS) would be the next in line as an Abrahamic Prophet due to his similarities to the Prophet Jesus (AS). However, despite the numerous similarities between the Prophet Muhammad (SAWS) and the Prophets that were his predecessors, there is one fact that sets him apart from the others, and that is that the Prophet Muhammad (SAWS) is consider ed to be the Khatam al-Anbiya, or the Seal of the Prophets. In the Holy Qur’an, it states the following: â€Å"Muhammad [SAWS] is not the father of [any] one of your men, but [he is] the Messenger of Allah [SWT] and last of the prophets. And ever is Allah [SWT], of all things, Knowing† (The Holy Qur’an, 33:40). It is well known that the Prophet Muhammad (SAWS) did not leave any surviving male heirs, his three sons with Khadija (RA) as well his son with Mariya (RA) having passed away young, and his four daughters also having passed away in infancy (Textual Sources for the Study of Islam, p47). The verse relates that fact by acknowledging that there could be no direct descendant of the Prophet Muhammad (SAWS), thus no one could claim to be a Prophet by claiming to be descended from him. Even more so, the Prophet Muhammad (SAWS) described his own status as the Seal of the Prophets: My likeness among all the Prophets is like the likeness of a man building a house. He is proficient at it, he does it well, and he leaves a single brick out. Then the people begin to go around the building, marvelling at it, and say: â€Å"It would be complete if not for this brick†. Indeed, in the building, I am the place for that brick. Textual Sources for the Study of Islam, p48 This quote puts forth more inclinations that the Prophet Muhammad (SAWS) was not only another Abrahamic Prophet (the other two being Prophet Jesus (AS) and Prophet Moses (AS)), but the final Prophet after whom there would be no other. Thus, the notion of Prophethood in Islam is clearly defined and differentiated, with all Prophets being a Nabi and a select few being a Rasul. The Prophet Muhammad (SAWS) has also been clearly established as an Abrahamic Prophet and the Seal of the Prophets in the Qur’an.

Journey to the Centre of the Earth

Themes There are a few themes in the novel, Journey to the Centre of the Earth. The first theme is achieving one’s dream. Professor Lidenbrock shows that with determination, one can achieve one’s dream. So when he got an opportunity to do so in making the  journey to the centre of the Earth, he seized it immediately. At the end of this novel, he successfully completed the journey. Second theme is facing challengers with perseverance and courage. Many times during the journey, the travelers faced challengers.For example, Axel wanted to turn back but the Professor and Hans persevered till Hans courageously explored the cave to look for a stream. Third theme is facing difficulties with optimism. Axel lost hope many times and wanted to give up. Fortunately, his uncle was full of optimism throughout the journey. For example, when they went through the chasm of fire, his uncle believed they were on their way back to the surface. He was right. His optimism kept them going ti ll they completed the  journey. Moral ValuesIn the novel, Journey to the Centre of the earth, the moral value I have learned is we should practice co-operation, obedience and loyalty when doing work as a group. Professor Otto Lidenbrock, Axel and Hans undertook the journey to the centre of the earth. They were unsure of  what they would see and the dangers they would face. To make sure they were safe, they worked together and looked after each other. Hans saved Axel when he almost fell into the pit from a tunnel. Hans made the effort to look for water to save them.He made the raft for them to sail across the sea. Axel did everything his uncle expected of him. There was co-operation, obedience and loyalty. Synopsis In the novel, Journey to the Centre of the earth, Professor Lidenbrock discovers a coded message in an ancient  manuscript about a way to get into the centre of the Earth through a mountain in Iceland. After decoding the message, Lidenbrock and Axel set off to Icelan d to begin their journey to the centre of the Earth. They hire an Icelandic guide, Hans Bjelke to help them on their journey.When they enter the volcanic crater, they face several difficulties and see a lot of strange things, including prehistoric life. They build a raft and set sail on the ocean and reach a coastline. They are swept into a large vent filling with water and magma and are ejected onto the surface. When they regain consciousness, they find out that they are on the island of Stromboli in Italy. They return home to Germany. In Germany they are treated like heroes and Professor Lidenbrock's achievements are recognized. Axel marries Gretchen, and Hans eventually returns to Iceland.Charaters Professor Otto Lidenbrock Professor Otto Lidenbrock is a middle aged eccentric dedicated scientist. He had an intense scientific curiosity. After reading the runic script, he was decided to make the journey to the centre of the Earth. Once he had decided to do it, he pursued it till it was accomplished. He was concerned for Axel through the journey. When Axel wanted to give up and turn back, hepersevered Axel to continue the journey. At the end of this novel, He succeeded in making the journey and returned to Hamburg a hero.Professor Otto Lidenbrock became a well-known scientist internationally acclaimed. Axel Lidenbrock Axel Lidenbrock was Professor Lidenbrock’s young nephew. He had a girlfriend by the name of Gretchen. At times, he was helpful to his uncle. It was him who found the secret to decode the message in the script. Later, he found the message on the back of the paper he was holding. Though he had misgivings about the journey his uncle wanted to embark, his loyalty to him made him go with his uncle.However, he could not endure the hardships of  discovery. Many time he wanted to give up and return home. Hans Bjelke Hans Bjelke was an Icelandic guide who was reliable and brave. He was a strong and reliable man, he spoke few words. He was good at his job as a guide. Being resourceful, he always had the things needed. When they had to climb down the cave, he had the ropes ready for them to do it. Through his help, Axel and his uncle succeeded in completing the journey.

The Cape Cod and a Continental Climate Research Paper - 45

The Cape Cod and a Continental Climate - Research Paper Example Cape Cod was amongst the initial places established by Europeans in North America. Its Native American inhabitants were devastated by diseases hold by Europeans, parting the survivors more or less dependent in the face of deficiency. Aside from Barnstable and Yarmouth (1639) Sandwich (1638) the Cape's fifteen towns urbanized gradually. The final township to be recognized on the Cape was Mashpee in 1880. Provincetown was an assembly of huts until the 18th century. A great deal of the East-facing Atlantic seacoast of Cape Cod comprises of wide, sandy beaches. In 1961, a considerable section of this coastline previously scheduled for accommodation division was prepared as a division of the Cape Cod National Seashore by President John F. Kennedy and was consequently protected from progress. Cape Cod has numerous stunning species of plants and animals. The normal quality of Cape Cod attracts loads of people which are an assorted range of terrestrial, wetland, aquatic, and marine plants th at are uniquely adapted to life in the coastal environment. Plants native to Cape Cod has moderate plants that are well adapted in the areas of famine along with plants for moist and wet areas, shades and the sun. Also, it includes salt-tolerant plants. A list of some native Cape Cod plant species is such as American white water lily, cardinal flower, coastal sweet pepper bush, common buttonbush, swamp milkweed and many more. Through Cape Cod field trip, there is beach grass named ammophila in the dunes, it helps in the construction of sand dunes. Animals in Cape Cod ordinarily comprise of amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles.

Geographic Information Systems Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Geographic Information Systems - Research Paper Example This computerized system would ease the timely calculation of the organization’s payroll and with very little chance of any errors in those calculations. If witnessed on a larger scale, there is a number of information handling requirements of organizations. Every organizational level within a business needs certain information in order to execute the set of processes at that level. Managers at the higher management level need to make decisions for which they need results of reports and data analysis. This enables them to successfully embed the processed information into their decision making procedures. Likewise, managers at the middle managerial level would need more simplified information that would enable them to keep an eye over the day to day ongoing business activities. Thus, it may well be said that the execution of a full day of business processes running within an organization requires the operating of a number of information systems simultaneously each of which woul d cater to the specific requirements at each organizational level. Following is a narration of a specific type of information systems termed as the Geographical Information Systems. The narration has been done in first person. GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) My name is Geographical Information System. I am a perfect example of practically implemented Information systems. WHY AM I IMPORTANT (WHY IS A GIS IMPORTANT?) The geography of land on which human beings live is of immense importance to them. Ever since the ancient times of the human society these living beings have looked up locations of areas to analyze the possibility of presence of prey in that particular area. The early hunters based their living on moving from one location to the other. Geographical importance of land and the details of its terrain have been of integral importance to man since centuries ago. Maps, spatial information have been the source of discovery and planning since times unknown. Geographical ma pping is the most integral use of the geographical information at hand. Looking up the route to a particular location is among the most basic ways in which geographical information helps. Spatial information, on the other hand, affects the most basics of human society such as the growing up of crops, the production of energy, the making of clothes worn by man. With the discovery of computing technology all the geographical and spatial information was put to even better use. It was possible only after the integration of computing technology that my creation was planned. My development was aimed as the making of a tool that would be able to assist human beings with the geographic knowledge associated with themselves and their belongings. I am designed to help in the gathering and use of spatial data. I embed within myself certain technological features such as advanced networking abilities for establishing effective and timely communication, space age data collectors for maintaining a ny data collection in massive databases for future use and other highly sophisticated and intricate computing features. My capabilities and features continue to evolve with the passing of time since technological advancements are rising on a very rapid rate. These ever-developing technological changes are making my systems more enhanced with every passing unit time. The basic

Causes and Effects of Refugees Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Causes and Effects of Refugees - Essay Example The present research has identified that a conflict in any given area triggers massive migrations of refugees across national borders and towards other countries considered to be safe. This is evident in locations that are prone to civil and social strife such as Afghanistan, the Balkans, Sudan, and Iraq. Generally, it is due to a civil strife in one’s homeland that a person leaves it. Anti-regime rebellions also lead to the emergence of refugees due to persecution. This is in regard to violating human rights, for example, the right to freedom of expression. However, not all governments or leaders welcome the idea of political freedom, as they prefer to silence their people. Ethnic campaigns are also major contributors to the presence of refugees in the world we live in. In spite of the world holding the title â€Å"civilized†, some people still think of their superiority. This is in regard to individuals who incite chaos against people they consider to be inferior to t hem, a practice also called ethnic cleansing. It is such events that, following tribal clashes between the Hutus and Tutsis, led to massive migration of refugees from Rwanda to neighbouring countries. In addition, a refugee situation can be caused by natural disasters within one’s own area of living by virtue of being internally displaced. This is particularly so for populations affected by natural disasters and those living in areas likely to be affected by climate change, as well as people involuntarily resettled due to development projects. According to Salehyan, international conflicts also lead to the rise of the number of refugees, as they are not â€Å"the unfortunate by-products of war, but may serve as catalysts for conflict†. This is seen in cases where refugees move into neighbouring countries, which, in turn, restrict migration. This fosters hostility between countries that may lead to military action and further increase of the number of refugees. One of t he effects of being refugees in a foreign country is the loss of cultural identity. This is in spite of the suppression of their inner mental representations of many aspects of their native culture. As a result, refugees fail to integrate successfully in the society that they move into due to differences in culture and stereotypes posed by the natives of the host country. This leads to discrimination against refugees, which negatively affects the process of cultural adjustment. Health issues accompany refugees in all places they may go to; this is in the form of access to quality health services that may include health records. This is because the information provided by refugees on their health status comes directly from the refugee patient and is, therefore, not a professional viewpoint. This way, refugee agencies are unable to direct health and humanitarian services to enhance awareness and meet population-based needs. Moreover, forced migrations result in severe demographic cons equences in terms of mortality, human suffering, and displacement of populations; they also result in the destruction of social structures that destabilize a society and drive it to the brink of strife. This way, cohesion between and among families is disrupted, and the bond is weakened, resulting in the need to look for one’s way out instead of looking out for the whole society.

Share Price Prediction and Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Share Price Prediction and Analysis - Essay Example The following is a critical review of such literature. In addition, the discussion applies a synthesis of two approaches/models identified to predict the share prices for Tesco Plc from the publications of the firm’s financial statements for 2008 and 2009. Lastly, this discussion attempts to test the approach by comparing these two sets of predictions with actual share prices. A concluding remark, which comments on the results, winds up the paper. Approaches/Models for Predicting Share Prices In short-term or medium-term, different models or approaches are used in predicting the future prices of shares of various companies. Share prices of companies may take different forms such as linear, horizontal, cyclic, or seasonal as influenced by prevailing market and environmental factors (Hassan, et al., 2007). Due to lack of prediction methods that provide least prediction error, investors tend to apply numerous methods thereby comparing their results in a bid to finding the best mo del or approach to use (Chen, et al., 2003). ... Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is a share price prediction method that is commonly used. For many years, ANN has been developed and restructured in order to provide efficient and effective performances on predicting share prices of firms in a stock exchange for purposes of investment (Tom, et al, 2000). Nonetheless, most predictors used single dosage of ANN (Kim and Shin, 2007). Application of single dosage in predicting share prices rarely provides an opportunity to discover the decision rule that the model uses while making the predictions (Hassan, et al, 2007). Artificial Neural Network is a share price prediction model or approach, which is created through stimulation of biological central nervous system of investors or predictors (Swales and Yoon, 2002). One of the reasons explaining its extensive application is the ability to predict share prices from large databases (Olson and Mossman, 2003). The idea of back-propagation algorithm is the basis of Artificial Neural Network in predicting share prices of firms. ANN back propagation function is usually represented by the following function: Where, xi is the sum of inputs, which is multiplied by their respective weights wji; Aj is the predicted share value under the ANN model; and n is the end period in which the valuation is carried out. Decision tree (DT) model on the other hand is a data mining model or approach used in predicting or forecasting share prices within a stock exchange market. One of the reasons for its extensive application is the fact that DT has an excellent ability and capability of describing cause as well as effect relationships of various stock prices. From the concepts or application of DT, investors are

Nursing articles on HIV Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Nursing articles on HIV - Annotated Bibliography Example In this article he has discussed in detail that not human immunodeficiency virus is a virus that can be present not only in young people but is increasingly being present in older aged people. In this article a research has been shown which states that HIV positive cases in people over fifty years are dangerously raising and this particular trend have been extensively observed in UK and US. As human immunodeficiency virus is increasing in older aged people it is giving birth to a new challenge in the field of health care for nurses. It is definitely an extremely difficult task to handle aged patients. Through a research conducted in UK it has been concluded that nurses are facing an extremely difficult time handling the aged patients. The article then discusses that although it is a challenging task to handle aged patients but it is necessary that nurses must be trained such that they can handle all sorts of cases and provide every patient with high quality care, attention and devoti on. Nurses cannot neglect any patient or pay less attention towards any patient. It is her duty to pay equal and high quality care and attention towards each and every patient. In the article it has been clearly mentioned, the age of people who are referred to as aged. The article also explains that aged people are morally weak and they need more attention and care and it is the duty of nurses to provide them with such care. He has concluded by mentioning new researches that are being carried out for HIV patients and that more awareness needs to be created in nurses regarding health care roles. Walsh, E. C., Horvath, K. J., Fisher, H., & Courtenay-Quirk, C. (January 01,... This essay stresses that as human immunodeficiency virus is increasing in older aged people it is giving birth to a new challenge in the field of health care for nurses. It is definitely an extremely difficult task to handle aged patients. Through a research conducted in UK it has been concluded that nurses are facing an extremely difficult time handling the aged patients. The article then discusses that although it is a challenging task to handle aged patients but it is necessary that nurses must be trained such that they can handle all sorts of cases and provide every patient with high quality care, attention and devotion. Nurses cannot neglect any patient or pay less attention towards any patient. It is her duty to pay equal and high quality care and attention towards each and every patient. This paper declares that human immunodeficiency virus/ acquired immune deficiency syndrome are becoming an epidemic in most parts of the world. The articles discusses that through research it has been observed that in countries where the cases of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome were minimal in the past years, now are a place of rapidly increasing cases of HIV/ AIDS and in those countries where the cases of HIV/ AIDS were already high, human immunodeficiency virus have become an epidemic in those areas. Certain modifications were made in the policy so as to help the nurses to properly manage, interfere, and ink out the results of HIV rapid testing.

Speech- American Culture Blue Jeans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Speech- American Culture Blue Jeans - Essay Example Thesis: The nature and origin of blue Jeans in the American culture that began as a material used to make clothes for manual laborers to a fashionable clothing material that is worn by everyone all over America. 3. Once put on by the manual laborers that were mining gold during the California gold rush in 1849, jeans transformed into one of the most fashionable and preferred clothing materials of the 20th century. 6. The popularity of Blue Jeans grew among the youth in the 1950s and 1960s. This was due to the fact that this was a period that marked the beginning of the rock ‘n’ roll era whereby most musicians sang songs of this genre. 8. Another reason that made the 1950s and 1960s be the helm of the popularity of blue jeans was due to the fact that this period was characterized by many riots and protests from youth and college students. 2. I wear blue Jeans almost on a daily basis and therefore in all activities I do for example; going shopping, going for classes, going for parties, going to social gathering and attending other occasions I wear Blue Jeans. In conclusion, Blue Jeans have evolved over time all through the 20th century. Through time, they have come to be part of our culture as with them we remember the gold miners in California in 1850s, the start of Hollywood in 1930s and even our heroes in World War 2 in the 1940s. Blue Jeans are therefore a part of the American culture and

Participant Consent Form Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Participant Consent Form - Essay Example I have read the Participant Information Statement and have been given the opportunity to discuss the information and my involvement in the project with the researcher/s. 3. I understand that being in this study is completely voluntary – I am not under any obligation to consent. 4. I understand that my involvement is strictly confidential. I understand that any research data gathered from the results of the study may be published, however, no information about me will be used in any way that is identifiable. 5. I understand that I can withdraw from the study at any time, without affecting my relationship with the researcher(s) or Taif University in Saudi Arabia now or in the future. 6. I understand that I can stop participating at any stage or anytime of the training if I do not wish to continue, the audio and video recording will be erased and the information provided will not be included in the study. I also understand that the data I provided in the group discussion cannot b e withdrawn if the group discussion has commenced.

Definitions of Property in English Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Definitions of Property in English Law - Essay Example For instance, the Law of Property Act 1925 classifies property in terms of real and personal property, rather than defining it1. Therefore, the most common definition of property is derived from the case laws that emphasize the rights owned or enjoyed by a person that owns the property. This is the position in the holding of National Westminster Bank v. Ainsworth, where the House of Lords held that the right to a property must be definable, identifiable by third parties, capable in its assumption by third parties as well as have a certain level of degree of permanence or stability.2 This implies that property entails the idea of possession and control of particular rights by an individual. In England, there property may be defined into either private or public property. However, the common position is that property may be defined into the rights of a person with respect to a thing. In common law, which is practiced in England, this may be rights over real property, which is land, as well as personal property, which refers to the chattels. Within this classification, there may be the real property, which refers to the corporeal hereditaments that are the tangible real property and the incorporeal hereditaments that are intangible. The personal property on the other hand refers to any property that is tangible or intangible but excludes land3. One can only obtain the personal property through possession of a property interest on the property that excludes others. Similarly, the property may be obtained when an owner involuntarily parts possession of it through loss or abandoning it. The person to whom the property is transferred may also obtain it through confusion and accession as well as bailment. A person may also acquire the personal property as a bona fide purchaser for value.

How Americas Foreign Policy Shaped Essay Example for Free

How Americas Foreign Policy Shaped Essay Foreign policy determines how America conducts relations with other countries. It is designed to further certain goals, and to ensure America’s security and defense. Originally American foreign policy was based isolationism; however, as the United States began to become more powerful, its foreign policy evolved. Through the 19th century, America concentrated on creating a nation that spanned the continent, and it avoided foreign entanglements. Once industrialized and more prosperous, it began looking for foreign markets and colonies. Dollar diplomacy was one strategy used to increase American Influence abroad. In addition to the need to exert more influence in foreign affairs for political reasons, Americans had a belief that their own cultural, moral, and racial superiority justified an increased global involvement. This can also be referred to as the Whiteman’s burden. The late nineteenth century to the 1920s can generally be described as a change of the United States from a very regional power, to a dominant world power. This shift began with the Spanish-American war. This war gave the United States, for the first time, an overseas empire. This war was also a fulfillment of the U.S aim of the Monroe Doctrine, which was that the U.S should secure the western hemisphere of colonial European rivalry which could infringe on U.S economic and political interests. This is one of the reasons why the U.S went to war against Spain, to kick the Spanish out of nearby Cuba. Along with the threats to America from Central America, and Cuba, trouble was brewing over seas in Europe during the early 20th century. When WWI began, the U.S proclaimed a policy of strict neutrality. However, due to unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmermann Note, Wilson went to congress calling for a declaration of war on Germany. After being victorious in war, Wilson hoped to revolutionize the conduct of international affairs. He came up with the Fourteen Points, which attempted to restore territories occupied during car, eliminate imperialism, trade restrictions, secret treaties, and to set up global organization to prevent future wars. In addition to the Fourteen Points, the Dawes Plan was also enacted. This plan made the U.S banks lend money to Germany so that Germany could meet its reparation payments to countries such as France and United Kingdom. These countries in return, used these payments to service their war debts to the United States. I believe the most significant foreign policy development, is the transition from isolationist nation to an imperial power, as well as the rapid change from a conservative to progressive government, helped to shape America to be what it is today. At the dawn of the 20th century, the United States was in the midst of industrialization. But because the U.S was a different continent from Europe, it desired not to get involved in any of the entanglements of the European nations. However, due to the need for foreign markets to feed the industrial growth, foreign outreach was becoming a necessary evil, and the U.S needed to develop a less isolationist foreign policy.

Five Forces Analysis: Leisure, Tourism and Hospitality Industry

Five Forces Analysis: Leisure, Tourism and Hospitality Industry The tourism, Leisure and Hospitality industry is defined, not in terms of the production of special types of goods and services, but in terms of the circumstances at which goods and services are consumed. Hence, the sale of a particular good or service to a tourist is tourist expenditure. As a result of this difference in concept, this industry overlaps the usual classification of the industries defined according to the goods or services they produce (Luck Lancaster, 2003) This research paper analyzes the tourism, Leisure and Hospitality industry basing on the economic analysis tools by Porter, Porter (1980) proposed that firms benefit from the understanding of the forces which drive competition and the profitability in their industry, and he specifies that all firms should explicitly formulate a kind of competitor strategy. (Matthews, 2000) in order to understand the competition, a very competitive analysis should be undertaken. The Porters model is also referred to as the five forces competitive analysis. Generally the tourism, Leisure and Hospitality industry has a unique business environment which affects all the competitors. According to Porter, five macro factors that influence the industry can be identified in relation to competition; (1) The bargaining power of the customers (buyers). This force shows the strength in the bargaining position, particularly the price, which the buyers have over their suppliers. (2) The bargaining power of the suppliers. The Suppliers, including the employees, influences the attractiveness and the profitability of the sector by increasing the prices (or the wages) thereby increasing the industrial costs and reducing the profit margins. Powerful suppliers are the organizations which control the supply of goods and services to the Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality industry. (3) The threat from the new entrants. The threat from the new entrants is dependent upon the barriers to entry into the industry. This is based on the ability to generate the econom ies of scale and experience, the opportunities for the product differentiation, the amount of capital which is required to buy into the industry, and access the distribution channels. In the tourism, Leisure and Hospitality, there are low barriers to the entry in most sectors. (4) The threat of the substitutes. The Substitute industries which provide the competing product with offers that perform the same function. The Continual advancement in the technology keeps on changing the potential threat from the substitute products. For instance, the rapid development of the video-conferencing is a substitute product for the hotel meetings. Introduction The Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality industry is an identifiable and nationally important industry. This industry involves a wide cross section of the component activities which includes the provision of the transportation, accommodation, recreation, food, and the related services .Tourism refers to the provision of the transportation, accommodation, recreation, food, and the related services both for the domestic and the overseas travelers. It involves travelling for all purposes, including recreational and business. Hospitality and tourism are certainly two of the most widely used words in the fields of hotels, restaurants, travel, and related areas. Leisure is a sector that is growing rapidly, with the regular shows and events hosted regularly. Leisure is recognized as the essential factor which contributes to the demand for the tourism and recreation.( Kotler, Keller, 2006). Leisure is an important factor which contributes to supply. It is therefore the anticipation of leisure which is the operational demand factor, whereas the use of leisure is a factor of supply. The Leisure time is the fundamental resource that is input and consumed in the tourism, Leisure and Hospitality industry. The leisure/entertainment events have created employment for thousands of people in a diverse range of roles. This is a multidimensional sector which provides a variety of services in the areas that include the corporate events such as the product launches, press conferences, corporate meetings and the conferences, the marketing programs; road shows and the grand opening events i.e special corporate hospitality events like the concerts, award cere monies, film premieres, launch/release parties, the fashion shows, commercial events, private events such as the weddings and other parties. The industry also includes fields such as the exhibitions, conferences and the seminars as well as the live music and the sporting events. This research paper analyzes and links the tourism, leisure and Hospitality industry through the provision of the creative, technical and the logistical insights. Methodology This research employed a web based survey in gathering data on the industrial analysis. I analyzed several theories that act as the strategic tools for analysis. The instrument was divided into two parts; The Descriptive Analysis, which describes the tourism, Leisure and Hospitality industrial analysis basing on Porters model of analysis. The Critical Analysis, which assesses the extent to which various factors identified by Porter influence the Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality industry. The contexts for the study were based on the distinctive nature of the Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality industry. Information was collected in the process of evaluation of the influences of the fundamental factors that determine the profitability: Industry structure, that determines the profitability of the average competitor and sustainable competitive advantage that allows a firm to outperform the average competitor (Porter, 1979). Analysis of selected industry This paper examines the five forces which impact competitiveness within and thus the profitability of a competitor in the Tourism, Leisure and the Hospitality industry. From the guidance provided in the Five Factor Model recommendations are made to enhance and refine this industry. Porters Five Factor Model The five forces that impact on the competitiveness which are outlined in the Porters 1980 work are: the barriers to entry, threat of substitutes, the bargaining power of the buyers and sellers, and the rivalry among existing competitors. In considering these factors in light of the Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality industry, the theory provides the best means for analysis. According to Porter each of the above factors has a difference in relevance or impacts differently on the businesses so they are presented below in order of impact. Porter (1980) indicated that the most important determinant of a marketplaces profit potential is the intrinsic power of the buyers and the sellers. Threat of Substitute Goods In the Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality industry there is usually higher chances to start a new business and progress successfully. The firms appear in all price ranges, with variations in the levels of service and the amenities. The constant challenge will always be to get the customers to choose your services over the competitor. With the technological advancements the internet makes the overall market to be more efficient while expanding the size of the potential market and creating the new substitution threats. Given the potency of this industry a superb strategic plan is vital. The threat is that another firm chain may erode the customer base with a newly formulated internet approach or the marketing campaign. According to Porter the development of a value chain process analysis, supported by the collaborative event management, the structuring and sharing of the customer focused value chain data, powerfully enhances the performance of the value chains and of the electronic commerce. Bargaining Power of Buyers Business persons choosing a firm for business in the Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality industry are the savvy consumers and they are at par with the changes in the ability of their consumers. It has become very simple for the consumers to go online and survey on the best firm that offers great services. They no longer need the assistance from the travel agents, the corporate travel consultants or the middle men of any kind to determine where they will get their services. Porters model predicts the ability of the buyers bargaining power to elimination the intermediaries. The Tourists who are the major consumers in the Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality industry are more and more capable of making use of the technological advancements in the means of communication such as the internet to increase their bargaining power thereby creating the fulfillment of Porters model. Due to the increased bargaining power of the consumers, they are finding internet businesses websites which will negotiate or discover the bargains for them. These processes shifts the bargaining power to the end user as it had been predicted by the Porter model and these buyer freedom reduces the cost of switching so that the loyalty to a single firm is a thing of the past unless the particular firm uses its one time opportunity when the customer sticks to the firm it deeply impress other customers with a very unique and valuable differentiator. The Rivalry among existing competitors The rivalry amongst the competitors in the Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality industry is fierce. When the potential customers learn about a hotel on line, the internet reduces the differences amongst the competitors. Business people tend to seek the best prices for the best experience and the tendency is to reduce the prices to a competitive level. This industry covers wide area so the market is widened which increases the number of the competitors. For example, someone who wants to spend the day in the historic site can easily choose a tourist firm in the nearby town if the amenities or the prices are low. The Variable and fixed costs can be different in the areas which are more expensive to live. Barriers to Entry The initial investments in the Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality industry creates quite a barrier to the entry but certain barriers to entering the tourism market are reduced by the internet. The presence on many efficient communication channels reduces the upstart marketing costs somewhat, and gives the new competitors the access to the potential suppliers and the resources. Even a starter in the industry can use the channels of large chains to understand the key marketing concepts and the lures for the customers. A vital barrier is the differentiation. A firm that can successfully differential itself by the location, service, amenities or other quality has the greatest potential to attract and keep the clients. Another barrier to entry into business in the Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality industry would be the expertise. Unfortunately, in a mobile society employees can leave one firm chain to work in another and they take that expertise in terms of the training given or the experience with them. It is in the areas of expertise and of differentiation that a firm can make the greatest impacts on its clients and thereby on the bottom line. Many established tourism, leisure and Hospitality companies have the synergies between their established business and business channels. Bargaining power of the suppliers This is not a substantial threat in the Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality industry it can have the impacts especially in the area of the suppliers. The employees to the firms are the major suppliers, the bargaining power of the labor supply is higher when there are fewer people to fill service section of the industry, and the firms can attract excellent staff and create a chance for providing excellent and exceptional experiences to their clientele. As part of their strategy all the firm chains should have section employee recruitment. The other supplies that are needed by hotels are also easier to attain through internet channels whether originated by the supplier or by the hotel chain. With their products in the greater demand by greater numbers of the firms the suppliers gain more measure of power by competition for their offerings. Findings about the industry All of the firms in the Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality industry can benefit from Porters model of analysis because of the applications that produce greater value in the value chain, the industry is dominated by a few large companies. They have the greatest market shares and in most cases they influence the structure and shaping of the industry. The firms planning sector can benefit from analysis. They usually aim at making the profit and are usually commercial companies. When they fail to make a profit over a long period of time they are likely to cease trading. These include the parks, restaurants, tour operators and the travel agents. The Human resources can be managed by the analysis as part of the overall strategy as well as the provision for self service personnel and benefits, Value can be increased by standardizing the firms across multiple locations, forming knowledge directories, and allowing real time access to the resources by the consumers. , every firm could benefit by controlling and forecasting systems with suppliers as explained by Porter. These improvements can also lead to greater profitability (Porter, 1980) Each type of firm needs to identify its unique strengths and the target market and align its strategy to support their identity, the firms chains choose to be low cost, or to command the premium price. Distinguishing a firm from the competition becomes vital. This can easily be enhanced by porters model, through the superior inputs, through better training of the staff as part of the supplier or through the better management. Differentiation adds value which makes it hard to maintain the distinctive strategic positions of a firm because it eases change to best practices and it improves the operational effectiveness. These distinctions make the business more profitable. The firms in the Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality industry are fragmented. Therefore there is need for a strategy which makes it easier for consumers from far and wider areas to learn about the firms or to order for the services, the consumers must still access the services. It more likely for the profitability to be there for when process is easy to transact and complete. Porter points out similar examples within the industries. Dealing directly is great for the firms. Other than travel agencies who arranged hotel stays the tourism business has always been a face to face business and this normally sustains the economic value of the transactions. For all of the firms chains the porters model complements rather than cannibalizing the established ways of doing business. Hence it becomes a link in the value chain. Conclusion Whether a firm or its chain is well established or brand new, the underlying forces of competition will include: the threat of substitution, bargaining power of the buyers, the intensity of rivalry among competitors, the barriers to entry for new competitors, and the bargaining power of the suppliers helps to determine the profitability shapes its internet presence. When combined, these factors determine the economic value and even the survival. The porters model of industrial analysis provides the opportunities for the companies to communicate and establish the unique or distinctive positions for the businesses. In the case of tourism firms this is crucial. The Porters five factor model helps to understand the rise of new ideas and the business firms in the context of the bargaining power of the Buyers. It helps in the understanding of what factors drives the businesses to differentiate themselves. It also helps in explaining why the labor may have greater bargaining power in the firms under the tourism industry; Porters concept of the Bargaining power of Suppliers determines the strength of the industry. In reviewing the strategies of firm chains, differentiation is the key component. Some firms have chosen to differentiate by location and by very luxurious experience. Others have differentiated themselves by standardization means and by the price. The firms strategies must align with their business strategy in order to produce the desired profitability; Porters model leads the way of outlining the issues and the dangers which are inherent in each force. In this paper, the recommendations for successful industrial analysis are made based on Porters model and the implementation of its suggestions could ensure a greater or continued profitability at the time planning and the structuring. This includes not only the customer interaction but also the applications in a variety of areas such as supply chain, the financial and Human Resources to increase the value chain. For the final analysis, however, Porter makes it clear that the model can add value when it is used in conjunction with other good business strategies. Should Schools Have a Uniform Policy? Should Schools Have a Uniform Policy? Aj Romero Mr.Dewalt Should school dress codes be enforced in public and private schools? Personally, I believe they shouldnt be allowed. Telling students what and what not to wear takes away our right to self expression, freedom to follow our free will, and our freedom of choices. We all have a right to express individuality and show our true selves. There shouldnt be a rule that takes away personal style. Its the people that decide what to wear as a show of personality and style, not the school. Having a school uniform to reduce problems of violating the school dress code, reduces our individual right to liberty and self expression. If it were up to me, I would stand up in front of the school board or maybe even try to organize a student strike against it. Liberty, the act of   following ones own free will; freedom of choices, and self determination. The people have the right to choose what we want to wear to school, and we automatically show our personality whether other people like it or not. Also, school uniforms can be very expensive, limit the students choices (procon.org) . A lot of school uniforms are uncomfortable to most students and rather than reducing bullying, they can cause more bullying. In 1999, a study conducted by experts showed an increase in bullying incidents by as much as 12% after the implementation of uniform wearing. (listland.com). Domestic tranquility; having peace in the U.S., harmony among people and states. There are many people in the world who have a common interest in different styles and brands. When people share common interests, they become closer friends. They stand out together. When school uniforms are enforced, those close relationships fade and the teen community is bland. These uniforms can also affect ones self image. Students who are not required to wear uniforms demonstrated high self-perception scores. That means those students have a better view of self image compared to those who wear a school uniform (listland.com). Many schools use school uniforms as discipline to control behavior and promote conventional gendered dress. The general welfare, the well being of the people; basic needs met; health and prosperity, security; comfort and happiness. The students of America should at least feel comfortable in what they wear to school, and should be happy to wear what they want. If you were to ask a student who wears a school uniform, they will most likely tell you they are boring not just because of their colors, but also for the patterns, often in plaid or checkered. (listland.com). There is not a single child that actually enjoys wearing the same uniform day after day to school. For one, they are very uncomfortable; two, they are boring, and three; they are just disliked in general. Although school uniforms are very much disliked, they do show respect, a sense of belonging to a school, and also shows were all in this together (listland.com). The biggest thing a child, teen, and anybody needs to learn, is the ability to have and show respect to one another. A uniform shows a sense of pride and belonging to a school. When other people see the kids wearing them, they envision unity. If you asked an adult instead of a child, they may tell you they are indeed for school uniforms because they show unity and pride. Another thing about the uniforms, they keep students focused on education rather than clothing (thegaurdian.com) If it were up to me, I would do anything I could to organize a school strike against the application of school uniforms. I would also stand in front of the school board and state my opinion on why they shouldnt be used. There is only so much a single person can do to stop something but if a group of students did something, the effect would be momentous School uniforms show conformity rather than individuality. The uniform itself will potentially cost more than your traditional clothing. Even if school uniforms were enforced, the students should have a choice in what the uniform looks like. We as Americans and U.S citizens have a right to expression and that right is taken from us with the use of said uniforms. Forcing students to wear something they dont want to causes discomfort, and can be detrimental to adult development. Growing up is more important than being in discomfort. Works Cited 1. Learningin21. Learningin21. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2016. 2. @ListLand. Top 10 Reasons School Uniforms Should Be Banned. Top 10 Lists ListLandcom. N.p., 2016. Web. 02 Oct. 2016. 3. Should Students Have to Wear School Uniforms? School Uniforms ProCon.org. ProConorg Headlines. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2016. 4. Whats the Point of School Uniforms? The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2016.

Communication process and the correct message

Communication process and the correct message Introduction Communication is a very day routine communicating that can be whether it is talking to people on the telephone or in person ,talking dictation and transcribing business correspondence , listening with colleagues and staff ,writing letter, faxes, reports and e -mail .It is essential to learn from our communications, from our successes and our failures ,and to develop and enhance our communication skills . Communication involves the sharing of ideas and information. While many people think of communication primarily in oral or written form, communication is in fact so much more. A knowing look or a gentle touch can also communicate a message loud and clear, as can a hard push or an angry slap. So, what is communication -an interaction between two people in which something is exchanged. Thus, communication has two important functions in an organization as it enables people to exchange necessary information, and It helps set members of the organization apart from non-members. Communication may be defined as giving, receiving or exchanging information, opinions or ideas by writing, speech or visual means, so that the message communicated is completely understood by the recipient. Communication is the process of sharing our ideas, thoughts, and feelings with other people and having those ideas, thoughts, and feelings understood by the people we are talking wit. When we communicate we speak, listen, and observe. The process of communication is successful only when the receiver understands an idea as the sender intended. Effective communication is the result of the most accurate exchange of information, full understanding of the message by hoth the parties, and appropriate action taken upon completion of the information exchange. The basis of effective communication, whether. oral or written, is clarity about · the subject matter. Since communication is the act of creating understanding, therefore, the message should be communicated in such a way that it is received as the communicator intended, without any misunderstanding. Effective communication requires a thorough knowledge of the communication process, the environment in which it is taking place and an awareness about the possible barriers that may hinder the flow of communication. Understanding between the communicator and the receiver of the message is also very important. Define Question 1: To answer this question I need to know more details about the communications process. After get the knowledge about the communication process then only I can explain the process that a communication undergoes. For this question I need to draw the communication process. From the figure I will explain the five steps that is involve in the communication process and the function of each steps. Finally, after describe the steps, I need to know the method and process to ensure that the audience has received the right message. I also get to know about the speaker and listener attitude and purposes and channel that can be used to ensure the right message received. Answer for Question 1: Communication Process Sender Message Channel/ Medium Message Audience Encoding Decoding Feedback to sender of possible or appropriate Process of communication and familiarize ourselves with the elements involved in the process. Communication is a five-step process: The sender has an idea, the idea becomes a message, the message is transmitted, the receiver gets the message, the receiver reacts and sends feedback. Misunderstandings can arise at any stage of the communication process and when that happens, the process breaks down. The transmission of the senders ideas to the receiver and the receivers feedback to the sender constitute the communication cycle or process. This process involves five step: Sender has an idea: Conceive an idea and want to share it .The form of the idea may be influenced by the senders mood, frame of reference, background, culture, and physical makeup, as well as the context of the situation . Senders are individuals who react to situations from a unique vantage point, interpreting ideas and filtering experiences through their own perception. The sender encodes an idea or feeling in words or signs that the receiver will recognize and transmits this message to the receiver. Sender encodes the idea in a message: When we put idea into a message that we receiver will understand ,we are encoding. Encoding means converting the idea into words or gestures that will convey meaning is translation or conversion of the idea or intention or message into words or signals so that receiver would reconvert the same as intended by the sender. A major problem in communicating any message verbally is that words have different meanings for different people .Thats why skilled communicators try to choose familiar words with concrete meaning on which both senders and receivers agree. Message travels over a channel: The medium over which the message is transmitted is the channel. Message may be sent by computer, telephone, letter, or memorandum. They may also be sent by means of the report, announcement, picture, spoken word, fax, or other channel. Because both verbal and nonverbal message are carried, senders must choose channels carefully. Anything that disrupts the transmission of the message in the communication process is called noise. Channel noise ranges from static that disrupts a telephone conversation to spelling errors in an e mail message. Such errors damage the credibility of the sender. The channel we choose depend on our message , the location of audience , need for speed and the formality of the situation. Receiver decodes message; The person for whom a message is intended is receiver. Translating the message from its symbol form into meaning involves decoding .Successful communication takes place only when a receiver understands the meaning intended by the sender. Such success is often hard ton achieve because no two people share the same background .Success is further limited because barriers and noise may disrupt the process. Decoding is what the receiver does to reconvert the received words or signals into the idea or intention or message as originally intended by the sender. The problems associated with encoding or decoding are due to the fact that words or signals have multiple meanings and thus there is a possibility of either use of wrong words or wrong signals or understanding them in a way different from what is originally intended. Feedback travels to sender : Feedback can take place immediately or over a long period of time it may be the desired outcome of a series of communication which will take place over several months. Both communication and audience can responds to the feedback. The verbal and nonverbal responses of the receiver create feedback, a vital part of the entire communication process. Feedback helps the sender known that the message was received and understood .Senders can encourage feedback by asking question. Senders can further improve feedback by delivering the message at a time when receiver can respond. The sender would be communicating back to the sender his or her evaluation or how he or she understood about each part of the message or word before the sender goes further in acting on the message. Here in the present example the secretary did not give her feedback about what she understood and thus the intended message failed. The communication process is repeated until both are parties have finished expressing themselves .The process is effective only when each step is successful.. In order to send our message it is clear that we need an understanding of the role of the communicator and audience, and then we can select the appropriate channel of communication .That why communication process is important in our life. How to ensure the intended audience receive the right message? When we send a message, we intend to communicate meaning, but the message itself doesnt contain meaning. The meaning exists in your mind and in the mind of the receiver. To understand one another, the receiver and I must share similar meaning of words, gestures, voice, and other symbols. There a few way to ensure the intended audience receive the right message : Now who is audience An audience is a group. My audience might be my instructor, classmates, t the president of an organization, the staff of a management company, or any other number of possibilities. Communication will also be determined by the status of the audience. It different context each of us has a different status and may represent different market segments. We need to consider audience Audience has separate in many way like initial audience is the first audience to get the message .Sometime this audience tells to write the message. A gatekeeper has the power to stop you message instead of sending it on other audience . The primary audience will decide whether to accept or will act on the basis of the message .The secondary audience may asked to comment on the message or to implement idea after they been approved . Finally watchdog audience , though it does not have the power to stop the message and will not act directly on it .This audience pays close attention to the transaction between the sender and the primary audience and may base future actions on its evaluation of the sender message. Determine intended audience. We wont be able to construct the right message unless you identify the consumers you want to reach. A sharply defined target audience aids the development of a sharply focused and effective message to deliver. We can now from body language .Body language can divide into facial expression , eye contact , posture and stance , physical contact ,and gestures or gesticulation. Facial expressions is one or more motions or positions of the  muscles  of the  face. The subtlety of facial expressions is determined by the types of eye contact we encounter .It is important to look people straight in the eye when talking to them .Looking up ,down, or to the side indicates that they are not worthy of our full attention and therefore lack significance . Posture and stance physical position or bearing while standing .Consider the attitudes that the postures is leaning forward on desk ,perching on edge of seat , fiddling with pens, and paper and biting nails. Physical contact is much more than firm handshake. finally gestures and gesticulation is like shaking head indicates disagreement or collaboration . The same message may be addressed to different audiences using differing language and channels of communication and you will require the feedback to be different for your own internal communication. Keep the Audience focused You can also help your audience by eliminating any information that doesnt directly contribute to your purpose. Many business messages contain too much material. The sender, in hopes of being thorough, tries to explain everything there is to know about a subject, but most audiences dont need everything. All they need are a few pertinent facts, enough information to answer their question or facilitate their decisions. By keeping your messages as brief and as clean as possible, you make them easier to absorb. Message conditions Make sure your messaging is clear. If you are delivering a message that is too vague, it will impact how well any channel delivers it. Especially with multiple channel integrated campaigns, you need a message that is obvious and apparent enough that it comes across to your target audience regardless of the interactive channel where they encounter it. The message can be unclear. If the messenger uses words unknown to the receiver, expressions typical of an area, slang or too many acronyms for example, the receiver might have trouble to decode the message. So the sender need to used simple languages with simple words and can be understand by the receiver. Mind of the messenger The state of mind of the messenger can influence the message. Anger, frustration, joy can all change the way the message will be perceived. The tone used to say a simple sentence can lend tons of meaning, as well as the body language accompanying the words. These play a role at the receiving end of the process as well. If in a bad mood, the receiver might perceive what is being said in a different way than when in a good mood, for example. Channel used It is important to ensure that the sender use an appropriate channel to communicate with a target audience. There are various channel of communicating with a target audience such as face to face , oral , written , and visual. If the wrong channel is used for the content and intent of the message the might get lost. For example, when a supervisor asks one of his employees to come and see him in his office, the message might not be perceived the same . If communicated in person or through a note left on the employees desk. Demonstrating Empathy The audience must be able to decode the intent of the messenger. It is necessary to . Understand the reasons as well as the reasoning behind the message. Empathy is one of the first characteristics of a good receiver. To respond appropriately, the Audience must try and read the messenger. Body language, facial expressions, Voice and intonation are all clues that can be used in decoding the messenger and his true message. Shutting Out the Environment In order to centre his attention on the messenger, the sender must try to shut off the rest of the world and avoid distraction Listen to the conversation taking place at the next table and text a friend. With all the solicitation that the world offers, it might prove to be difficult, but a genuine conversation cannot happen without real involvement. A successful audience will learn to withdraw from it and give deliberate attention to the messenger. Just as one cannot expect to do quality work in a room full of distraction, one cannot expect to have a real conversation surrounded by noise and other stimuli. It might be as simple as retiring to a quiet room or as involved as practicing shutting out outside distractions. One of the greatest sources of communication problem is noise. Make the Messages Meet Conversation occurs when each one of the participants is trying to say something different. Like the messenger, the receiver comes to a conversation with a specific intent. Both intents might meet, contradict or be in conflict with one another. The problems start when the receivers intent is different from the messenger and his messages intent. It is as if there are no receivers, just two messengers trying to get something across to the other. Having a conversation is a two way process. Both participants must come to it with the same openness and availability. The receiver may apply all the rules and tricks possible, but if the messenger is not willing to become in turn a good receiver, the communication process become broken and no real conversation can take place. Communicating, really communicating cannot take place without commitment from both participants. If one of them is not really available, it becomes a bit like talking to a wall, a wall that might provide all the right ans wers at the right time, but that is not really listening. Facilitate Feedback In addition to minimizing noise, giving the audience a chance to provide feedback is crucial. But one thing that makes business communication difficult is the complexity of the feedback loop. If we are talking face-to-face with another person, feedback is immediate and clear. However, if we are writing a letter, memo, or report that will be read by several people, feedback will be delayed and mixed. Some of the readers will be enthusiastic or respond promptly; others will be critical or reluctant to respond, and revising our message to take into account their feedback will be difficult. When we plan a message, think about the amount of feedback that we want to encourage. Feedback is not always easy to get, even when ours encourage it. In some cases we may have to draw out the other person by asking question. If we want to know specific things, ask specific questions, but also encourage our audience to express general reaction, we can often learn something very interesting that way. Conclusion, effective communication and conversation more particularly requires an open mind and an availability that the modern world does not always permit. It is the task of both the messenger and the receiver to create conditions that make real communication possible. This can be done through empathy, availability and an open-mind. the communication process is the perfect guide toward achieving effective communication. When followed properly, the process can usually assure that the senders message will be understood by the receiver. Although the communication process seems simple, it in essence is not. The communication process is made up of four key components. Those components include encoding, medium of transmission, decoding, and feedback. There are also two other factors in the process, and those two factors are present in the form of the sender and the receiver. The communication process begins with the sender and ends with the receiver. Define Question 2: In this question I need to explain more about the methods, the mediums, and the vehicles that I would use in my products and to communicate with my target audience. This is to make sure them attract with my company product and to persuade them to buy this products. The products that I will choose is laptop, Ferrari One this is because nowadays laptop are getting popular and used by teenager in college . So to promote my laptop products I need to do a advertisement and explain it. Answer for Question 2: As the Product Manager of a soon to be launched the Ferrari one laptop branded product, will use some effective methods, mediums and vehicle to communicate with my company target audience so that I can persuade them to buy my products. The medium or channels that I will use are Internal Channels, External Channels, and individual contact. For the internal channels, the processing of immediate information to individuals within an organisation will include telephone message, internal memoranda or messages which will probably be written on headed paper to be kept as records of the correspondence later. These will be immediate responses to other information received and be required by specified individuals in a very short time-scale. The communicator can make use of memos, house journals, bulletins, notice boards, meeting formal and informal, and telephone calls or closed circuit television. The recipients will be familiar with the context, background and language used in the communication. Effective internal communication can seen in various instances such as communicating with superiors, communicating with sub-ordinates, communicating with colleagues and communicating between departments. External channels of communication need not restrict information exchange to an external organisation. Corporate brochures, sales literature or any paid-for advertising is also accessible to those within the organisation .Besides that, we dont want our internal market to gain information in second hand . In terms of organisations success , briefing internally via journals , magazines , staff meetings or newsletters should form part. If external communication take form of the letters, telephone calls or reports then it wont be necessary for everyone within ours organisation to have copies , but key personnel in project need to be briefed as to ongoing communication external. Effective communication with those outside a company bring in order build goodwill, and ensures the continued existence and growth of the business such as interacting with costumers, dealing with government agencies and department ,handling suppliers and dealing with the public. Individual contact with an organisation can be more effective than broadcast media, where the message is diluted and standardised to suit many rather individuals. Newspapers are out-of-date almost as soon as they are printed, ready for the next news item. Clearly the time-scales of the communication will also determine the channel. As a starting point, here is a brief description of what are probably the most popular methods for business communication used today. Some of these are universally familiar, others recent arrivals on the scene, but for completeness and to ensure a common understanding. The method is Letters , memos , reports because there is no e-mail link between the parties, because a hard copy is required to meet audit or legal requirements or because the recipient prefers to read from paper than from a screen . E-mail because E-mail means for delivering short text messages within organisations that are networked or exchange of computer-stored messages by telecommunication. As e-mail between organisations becomes more common, the medium will increasingly take the place of fax, particularly as whole documents can be sent as e-mail attachments. Intranet also method because intranet uses the same technology as the Internet, and private network that is contained within an enterprise . It may consist of many interlinked local area networks .Normally an intranet is used to deliver text and images, although the technology is capable of audio, animation, video and real- time 3D graphics sometimes called virtual reality. Radio is used almost exclusively for public broadcast channels and has few uses for business communications. And the Phone. Phones are universal and, with the advent of voice mail and mobile phones, it is now possible to reach people practically anytime, anywhere. Finally, the communication vehicles that use are E-newsletters. E-newsletters are a simple way to proactively reach to our neighbours. Seven reasons for E-newsletters are complement our website, Email newsletters are more cost-effective than print newsletters, E-newsletters are interactive, we can test its effectiveness, E-newsletters encourage word-of mouth advertising, our preaching to the choir and Starting today will help build our subscriber base. Besides that, Websites also are communication vehicles. Websites allow organizations an opportunity to passively reach their audience. Websites allow neighbours access to organization without attending meetings. In addition, minutes, and files easily uploaded through a fairly simple interface. Print Newsletters is easy to underestimate the value of a newsletter. But a newsletter allows you to connect with neighbours on an ongoing basis and create a greater sense of community. For a newsletter to succeed it must provide accurate and current information. The information must be relevant to the recipient and the format must be pleasing and readable. A print newsletter can take many forms. They can be in the form of a brochure or pamphlet. Finally , the are six ways in communication vehicles that is keep it simple ,use metaphors and analogy , use many different forums to spread the word , repeat key messages , lead by example and listen and be listened to. This is the method , medium and vehicles that I will use to communicate with my audience to persuade them to buy my product. Conclusion , As the product manager of a soon-to-be-launched product , we need to use the mediums , and the vehicles that I would use to communicate with my target audience to persuade them to buy my laptop product . It will help me to sell my product . The advertisement for my product. The laptop market is being flooded everyday with new and newer laptops arriving in the market almost every hour. If you are a serious gadget geek like us, you would want to keep track to all of them which is why we have complied a list of the latest laptops in the market and are happy to present them before you. Have a look at these brand new laptops. Ferrari One Display : 11.1 Inch 1366 X 768 pixels Processor : Dual Core 1.2 GHz Athlon X2 L310 ATI Radeon 3200 graphics Wi-Fi Bluetooth Windows 7 This is my product Conclusion and Recommendation Understanding communication process is very critical to the managers of the organization. They should understand that communication is rarely understood as it should be. The distortion of the message can happen at any of the stages in communication process-sender, receiver, encoding, decoding, channel, message and feedback. In order to send our message, it is clear that we need an understanding of the role and function of the communication and audience, and then we select the appropriate channels of communication .there will also be feedback from us, as communication, to the audience . Communication within and between organisation is dependent on human relationship and organisational context which influence manner, tone, and style. Information must be appropriate to the context and medium, accessible, clearly presented and attract attention because individual receive so many messages and communication. The credibility of an organisation is dependent on the communication style of the individuals who are its representatives. Successful communications do not usually take place in a hostile environment. We can summarise the key factor in successful and effective communication as relevance , accessibility , precision , attract attention , congeniality , and credibility.

Bridge Design Concept :: essays research papers

Bridge Design Concept Our bridge consists of three levels supported by 1" high cylinders to support each level. On each level we will have rows of both three and four cylinders extending across the middle. Each cylinder will be stacked on another, evenly offset and centered to gain support. Our bridge will be 28" X 2 -7/8". The length of our bridge is probably the biggest and most significant contributor to our outcome. The desk table gap is 14" long, while our bridge length is 28" long. This shows that we would only be testing a small portion of our long bridge. It is significant because we have the advantage of having twice the amount of supporters, while we will be only testing a small portion of our bridge. With all of our cylinders we know that this bridge will evenly distribute weight. Our bridge will span 28" long. Our main supporting system is in the shape of a cylinder. We chose the cylinder because it is capable of supporting a large amount of weight. Each cylinder will brushed with an outer coat of Elmer's Glue to increase the cylinder's strength. The bridge will consist of three levels. Each level will be supported by evenly spaced 1" X Â ½" cylinders. The cylinders on the second level will be offset from the cylinders above and below it. This design will ensure the weight on the bridge will be evenly distributed. The bridge will be incased on all sides with an outer sheet of paper to increase weight distribution. In our design, we feel that the geometric shapes and the dimensions we chose will greatly affect the outcome of our bridge. We expect this bridge to hold a great amount of weight because our cylinders will be reinforced and backed up by one another. Since our bridge has stacks and multiple levels, we expect it to be strong. When we stack the weights onto our bridge, the offset cylinders will act like triangles, evenly distributing weight in a fine pattern.

The Use of Computers on Car Crash-Analysis Programs :: Technology Computers Essays

The Use of Computers on Car Crash-Analysis Programs In the world today, computers are used in every field. Be it a major space exploration or a small chore like cleaning our room. The use of computers has made our lives easier but at the same time a computer failure can make our lives miserable too. We trust computers more than we trust anything else these days. We use computers to communicate, share personal information, buy goods online, etc. We also trust computers with our safety. Starting from house alarm systems and other safety devices we have now moved on to using computers to Test Car Crashes. Car crash analysis programs gained wide usage by the late 1980s but ARA (Applied Research Associates) Personnel in the Silicon Valley Office have been engaged in studying the crash response of vehicles, occupant safety, and right-of-way structures since 1971( ARA Website, 25h May). One of the major programs used for this testing is the DYNA3D which was developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (A Gift of Fire, Baase). DYNA3D is a computer simulation program that models the interactions of physical objects on impact such as vehicle impacts involving roadside structures such as signs, supports, guardrails and crash cushions. DYNA3D, suitable for solving problems involving rapid change, has had many applications in safety analysis. Laboratory analysts have used DYNA3D to study crashworthiness in a number of vehicle safety studies, where models of complex vehicles impact roadside safety structures and other vehicles, deforming under the impact. The DYNA3D progra m uses a technique called the finite-element method where a grid is superimposed on the frame of a car dividing the car into a finite number of small pieces or elements. The grid is then entered into the program along with data describing the specifications of the materials making up each element such as density, elasticity, etc. While reading the effect of a head-on collision on the structure of the car, the data can be initialized to represent a crash into a wall at a specified speed. The program in return helps compute the force, acceleration, and displacement at each grid point and the stress and strain within each element. Using graphics programs, the simulation produces a picture of the car at intervals after impact.

Media: The Fourth Pillar of Democracy Essay

Today, media is considered the fourth pillar of the state all over the world; first and foremost British Member of Parliament Lord Macaulay had given this status to the media. In any republican government system, there must be three administrative bodies, 1- Parliament, 2- Administrative department, 3- Judiciary body. In the absence of any of these three bodies, the government cannot run systematically, but now it is felt that one body more is necessary to be with them, that is media. This body is considered more important these days, it plays an important role as an informative bridge between governing bodies and general public, in absence of media general public cannot know about what kind of bills and acts are passed in the parliament, and what are their positive and negative effects in the society. If media person close their eyes the government officials will do what they want, so media plays a very important and impartial role between government activities and general public, so much so that it is said that the freedom of media is the guarantee of success for a government. Below mentioned are a few recent incidents in which media played a key role and established itself as the fourth pillar of democracy. Delhi Rape Case The media played an important part in raising a debate on women’s safety. As the news of the rape broke, the media went into frenzy, not just in tracking the case but in leading people to introspect. A responsible section of the media asked people to be part of radical reforms the country required while it continued to give expression to the public grief, the mourning and reconciliation as people watched in horror the victim’s final moments. As the movement to bring the gang rape victim to justice went viral, the nation saw a major protest that spread on streets across the country. The media extensively covered the demonstrations, following the protesters; giving their demands for justice a voice and bringing them to the centre of the political debate. It exposed the growing crime statistics, especially in Delhi, against women. The media led bare the growing frustrations of an entire emerging aspirational urban class and generation Rapes that are taking place are being continuously reported in major newspapers with more prominence than before, even though they are not always given the front page coverage. One is assured that the December 16 gang rape incident will continue to be a milestone when covering issues related to women’s safety. This movement goes to prove that the democracy’s fourth pillar can transform incidents of national shame to national justice by establishing confidence in institutions that have been created to protect the citizens of the country. The Anna Hazare Movement The news media, particularly, the TV channels have played a key role in keeping up the tempo of the movement by ensuring round the clock coverage, they ensured that the protests occured across the country and there was a mass frenzy. Even though the channels didn’t state much about merits and demerits of the proposed institution of Lokpal or educated citizens about the implications of the ombudsman, TV and newspapers were visibly the driving force behind the anti-corruption movement. The movement was a perfect example of how media can be used effectively. Though the propriety regarding active participation of news media in a movement is debatable, it is true to an extent that Indian media has voluntarily become a party, a sort of participant, in this drive for Jan Lokpal Bill. The Egyptian revolution The Egyptian revolution began on Facebook with a call to protest in Cairo’s Tahrir Square. Protesters used Twitter to manoeuvre around police and reach the area. People arrived at the location expecting to see a few hundred like-minded individuals. Instead, they found a few hundred-thousand. Until they reached the square, Egyptian dissidents had no clue of their strength. It was a remarkable indication of the power of social networks as a political organizing tool, as has been seen in many uprisings sweeping North Africa and the Middle East. Around 20 million people in Egypt, or about one-quarter of the country’s population, are on the Internet. Early in the political unrest, the Egyptian government attempted to block Facebook and Twitter, then took the unprecedented step of shutting down Internet access in the country altogether. The cyberspace blackout lasted a week but could not thwart the revolution. President Hosni Mubarak stepped down a week later.

Jazz and Popular Music Essay

Despite the rapid evolution of country music in the U. S. , it was not before the creation of Acuff-Rose Publishing that country music became one of the central elements of musical advancement in the country. The rise of Acuff-Rose Publishing is closely associated with and is considered as one of the drivers for positioning Nashville as one of the country music centers in America; and where country performers and song writers sought to establish themselves in the world of music, â€Å"Acuff-Rose readily gave Nashville an outlet for the fledging country songwriters. Record executives kept Nashville in contact with the New York scene† (Malone, 1968). To a large extent, the creation of Acuff-Rose Publishing by Fred Rose and Roy Acuff was the turning point in the process of moving country music into masses. The new musical enterprise was able to establish close ties with ASCAP and BMI studios, which turned country music into the source of enormous profits (Pecknold, 2007). The popularity of country music and country songwriters depended on the way Acuff-Rose managed to collect and distribute the most promising pieces of country singing. It should be noted, however, that the development of Acuff-Rose and the rapid popularization of country music produced two-fold effects: on the one hand, Acuff-Rose publishing actively worked to promote the relevance of country music; on the other hand, talented country music performers promoted positive business image of Acuff-Rose, which in its turn served to help professionals and beginners in country music to reach beyond traditional regional music markets (Malone, 1968; Pecknold, 2007). Later during the 1950s, the bluesy and gutsy style of music that had originated from Acuff-Rose’s country singers became the determining feature of country singing across several American states. Acuff-Rose has caused a strategic shift in public perceptions with regard to country music, making it a never ending source of inspiration and a reliable basis for generating continuous profits. It was due to country music that Carl Perkins, Elvis Presley, and Jerry Lee Lewis became the critical figures of the American musical Olympus, with country sound being the distinctive feature of their style and the essential component of their professional appeal and emotiveness.

Othello commentary

Emilie Speaks Her Mind One of Shakespearean famous plays ‘Othello' is about a black man who marries a white woman, and then murders his wife because of unfounded Jealousy. The play also contains another dysfunctional marriage between Ago and Emilie, which also ends with the husband murdering his wife. Emilie, lagans wife, has never received love from her husband. In Act 4. Scene 3 line 95-115. Amelia's speech Is structured as if she experienced a lot of stress.She believes that men and women are basically the name and have equal desires and needs. Although she hasn't spoken with intensity, from her style, her use of literally devices, and also her monologue structure, the audience can feel her distrust of her husband that has been present for a long time. Primarily, by looking at the structure of Amelia's speech, spectators can notice that Email Is not Just encouraging Desman, she Is also cheering herself. The dictions that Renewal used like â€Å"throwing restraint,† (4 . 3. 101), â€Å"scant,† (4. . 102), â€Å"galls† (43. 103), and â€Å"see and smell,† (4. 3. 04) pulls its statements against the iambic line. Also her speech shifts from question to statement. This structure suggests how Emilie has been denied such freedom by Ago. It illustrates that the women may speak their minds and hearts to each other. The second aspect of Amelia's monologue is her use of literary devices to express what she had conquered while living with Ago. She uses metaphors to support her opinion that men are responsible for the failure of the women.She states that when their husbands stop carrying out their duties with heir wives, sometimes women find other romance, â€Å"Say that they slack their duties, And pour our treasures into foreign laps,† (4. 3. 98-99). With her comment, â€Å"Ã'›. They see and smell They see and smell And have their palates both for sweet and sour, As husbands have. † (4. 3. 105-108) Email Is comparing man and women and stating her case for the fact that both man and women have similar senses and needs. Through metaphors Emilie expresses her opinion that man does not see how the needs and desires of men and women are similar.Finally, in Act 4, Scene 3, line 95-115, the audience can find the reflection in Amelia's own personal experience by her style of speech. In her monologue, there are masses of mixture emotion; confidence, dismay, cynicism, anger. Emilie is not Just consoling Desman, from her tone, the audience can notice she Is also bursting out what she suppresses to her husband up until now. With her regular use of the pronoun â€Å"we†, â€Å"they', and â€Å"us†, her monologue is expressing the rights of all women. She sees herself as a part of a large group. To sum up, all the readers can analysisAmelia's monologue to look at the structure of argument; context of the speech and also the literary devices that she used is similar to giving an actor the tools to interpret the role.. As we go over Amelia's life with Ago and reading Amelia's speech thought of women should treat like men for all long time. Although Emilie end up with dying at the hands of her husband by attempting to tell the truth to make clear how monstrous a liar Ago is, Emilie can clearly display the characteristics of a strong- minded individual. Emilie can admiring as a women that exemplifies the strength and courage.

Poverty Essay

Introduction Poverty is when someone is not able to afford to buy things most people consider essential or to participate in activities which, similarly are thought to be a minimum requirement of everyday life (Reporting poverty in UK p15). Absolute poverty is a term used in various different ways to denote a poverty level that does not change over time in terms of living standards that it refers to it stays the same even if society is becoming more prosperous. Absolute poverty line and people below this line lack food, shelter, warmth or clothing (Reporting poverty in the UK p73). Most people in the UK live in relevant poverty Peter Townsend a leading authority on UK poverty defines it as when someone’s â€Å"resources are so seriously below those commanded by the average individual or family that they are in effect excluded from ordinary living patterns, customs and activities† (Reporting poverty in the UK p 15). There are two main ways to measure social inequality these are inequality of conditions, and inequality of opportunities. Inequality of conditions refers to the unequal distribution of income, wealth and material goods housing for example is an inequality of conditions with the homeless and those living in housing projects sitting at the bottom of the hierarchy while those living in multimillion dollar mansions sitting at the top. Look more:  problems of homelessness essay They have been a number of studies commissioned by shelters on the relationship between homeless, use of temporary accommodation and poor health the findings include 78%of homeless households living in temporary accommodation interviewed in one studies had at least one specific health problem, 58% of households said their health had been adversely affected by living in temporary accommodation, 50% of children in temporary accommodation reported psychological and mood disturbance, unsettled sleep pattern, bed wetting and mood swings, one year after being rehoused 40% of homeless children surveyed in one study were still suffering mental and development problems (settled housing march 2010), (various studies, referenced in homelessness fact sheet, shelter 2007). Inequality of opportunities  refers to the unequal distribution of life chances across individuals, this is reflected in measures such as levels of education, health status, and the treatment by the criminal justice system for example white upper class males typically have more opportunities for wealth and success compared to lower class black males who have a higher chance of landing in the criminal justice system. Racial inequality since 1973 little has changed particularly in the earning gap between white and black males, the gender gap has declined since 1970 and the racial gap has remained stable and also the pattern of unemployment, black males earn 60% of what white males earn and they suffer unemployment rates of double the white figure (Hogan and Perrucci 2007); (Kerbo 2009,p. 349). Featherman and Hauser (1978) reproduced the racial difference in inheritance of occupation in the original Blau and Duncan (1967) data from 1962 and in their 1973 replication in 1962 only 13.  3% of black sons of upper non-manual fathers achieved upper non-manual status this increased to 43. 9% in 1973. Among white males 57% in 1962 and 59% in 1973 inherited upper non-manual occupational (Kerbo, 2009, p. 391-400). Functionalist theories believe that inequality is inevitable and desirable and plays an important function in society. Important positions in society require more training and should receive more rewards, social inequality and social stratification according to this view leads to a meritocracy based ability, Functionalist approach to poverty maintains that all parts of society even poverty contributes in some way or another to the larger system’s stability (understanding social problems p195). Conflict theories view inequality as resulting from groups, they believe that social inequality prevents and hinders societal progress as those in power repress the powerless people in order to maintain the status quo, positions are important so long as those in power consider them to be significant, conflict theory of poverty argues that stratification is dysfunctional and harmful to society but persists because it benefits the rich and powerful, (Understanding social problems p195). Over the past eleven years 702,000 older people have had to sell their homes or cut into their life savings to pay for the cost of their care, in 2006 people over 65 contributed ? 380m to the support they receive to stay in their own homes, 75,000 pensioners are paying for nursing care which could be provided free under the NHS. Women pensioners are the majority of people depending on home-care. Thousands of pensioners go without food and heating to pay the cost of home care service and thousands give up the care they need because they cannot afford it (fact complied by women in Dialogue, crossroads women’s center 30th may 2009). Many pensioners have low incomes so they become isolated because they cannot afford to do anything and many go without food to pay for heating most of them are lonely and as a result of their situation most die from health problem that is caused by their situation (Bristol. ac. UK 2006).